The History of Pounamu: A Living Treasure
Discover the origins, significance, and timeless legacy of New Zealand’s treasured greenstone.
What is Pounamu?
Pounamu, also known as New Zealand greenstone, is one of the world’s most treasured materials. Known for its exceptional toughness, beauty, and cultural importance, Pounamu carries a deep connection to the land and the people of Aotearoa.
For centuries, Pounamu has been integral to Māori life. It was used to craft tools, weapons, and jewellery, and even served as a seal for agreements. Passed down through generations, Pounamu taonga (treasures) carry mana (prestige) and tapu (sacredness), growing in significance with each custodian.
Formation of Pounamu
Pounamu is born deep within the earth, formed under immense heat and pressure over millions of years. This metamorphic process creates its unique interwoven fibre structure, making it one of the strongest natural materials in the world.
As the West Coast’s rivers carve through mountains, they unearth Pounamu from ancient deposits, carrying it to the surface. Over time, the stone is polished smooth by the tumbling waters, creating the "water-washed" appearance that reflects its natural origins.
Its colours and patterns are shaped by the minerals present during its formation, resulting in distinct varieties such as Kahurangi, Inanga, and Kawakawa. Each piece is a unique testament to the forces of nature that formed it.
The Varieties of Greenstone
Pounamu comes in several varieties, each with its own unique characteristics:
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Kahurangi
Rare, translucent greenstone of purity.Button -
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Raukaraka
Olive-green streaked Kawakawa variety.Button -
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Inanga
Grey-green stone with versatile translucency.Button -
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Auhunga
Pale green intermediate between varieties.Button -
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Kahotea
Flecked white stone of light elegance.Button -
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Kawakawa
Deep green stone with vibrant tones.Button -
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Tangiwai
Translucent olive to bluish-green serpentine.Button -
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Kokopu
Speckled stone resembling native trout markings.Button
A Map of Origins
The rugged West Coast of New Zealand is the only source of Pounamu. Known for its wild rivers and untamed landscapes, this region has been home to Pounamu for centuries. From the rivers of Hokitika to the depths of the Arahura Valley, each area contributes to the story of this treasured stone.
The map not only highlights where Pounamu is found but also connects each variety to its source, reminding us of the stone's close relationship with the land.
The Timeless Significance of Pounamu
Pounamu is more than a stone; it is a living taonga that carries the wairua (spirit) of the land and its people. According to Māori legend, the guardian taniwha Poutini protects the stone, serving the atua (deity) Kahue. This spiritual connection ensures that Pounamu remains a symbol of identity, strength, and ancestry.
Since 1997, Pounamu has been protected under the guardianship of Ngāi Tahu Iwi, ensuring its cultural and environmental sustainability. This legacy ensures that Pounamu continues to be cherished by future generations as a symbol of Aotearoa’s beauty and spirit.
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